58 research outputs found

    Le compostage: MRC de Roussillon, atteinte de l'objectif de valorisation?

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    Affiche de projet terminal, baccalauréat en Urbanisme. Institut d'urbanisme, Université de Montréal

    Les menaces Ă  l’ùre de la technologie: analyse du processus de dĂ©termination de la peine

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    Les rĂ©seaux sociaux et les mediums de tĂ©lĂ©communication ont donnĂ© naissance Ă  une abondance de propos menaçants par lesquels sont vĂ©hiculĂ©s des messages de haine qui sont possiblement annonciateurs d’une violence future (Laforest & al., 2017). À ce jour, les Ă©tudes ne permettent pas de dĂ©crire le contexte dans lequel les menaces profĂ©rĂ©es par un medium technologique s’insĂšrent. Elles ne permettent pas non plus de comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les sentences de tels comportements. À partir d’une approche mĂ©thodologique mixte et d’un Ă©chantillon de 93 dĂ©cisions judiciaires canadiennes, l’objectif principal de ce mĂ©moire consiste, dans un premier temps, Ă  dĂ©crire les facteurs circonstanciels entourant les menaces de mort et de lĂ©sions corporelles Ă  l’ùre numĂ©rique. En gĂ©nĂ©ral, les rĂ©sultats montrent que les menaces qui ont donnĂ© lieu Ă  une dĂ©cision Ă©crite prĂ©sentent un risque considĂ©rable de se concrĂ©tiser. De plus, nous avons dĂ©couvert que mĂȘme si dans certaines situations ce sont des tĂ©moins qui ont dĂ©noncĂ© les menaces aux autoritĂ©s, ce sont principalement les victimes elles-mĂȘmes qui dĂ©noncent le plus souvent leur assaillant, craignant pour leur sĂ©curitĂ© et celle de leurs proches. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous cherchions Ă  comprendre la rĂ©ponse juridique canadienne pour de telles infractions. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, un test de rĂ©gression logistique a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© afin de comprendre les facteurs contextuels qui influencent le recours Ă  une sentence d’emprisonnement. Les rĂ©sultats de cette analyse montrent que parmi les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer de telles sentences, quatre se sont avĂ©rĂ©s significatifs : (1) un lien conjugal avec la victime, (2) l’utilisation des mĂ©dias sociaux, (3) la consommation d’alcool ou de drogues et (4) la gravitĂ© de la menace. Finalement, Ă  partir de nos analyses, nous pouvons conclure que de nombreux enjeux subsistent dans le processus de dĂ©termination de la peine pour les menaces profĂ©rĂ©es par un medium technologique. En effet, plusieurs Ă©lĂ©ments peuvent interfĂ©rer dans l’analyse du juge, notamment la crĂ©dibilitĂ© de la victime et l’intention criminelle de l’accusĂ©.Social networks and telecommunications tools have risen an abundance of threatening words through which violent messages are conveyed. They are possibly predictors of future violence (Laforest & al., 2017). To date, studies do not allow us to describe the context in which the threats uttered by a technological medium occur. They also do not allow us to understand the factors that influence the sentences of such behaviors. Based on a mixed methodological approach and a sample of 93 Canadian court decisions, the main objective of this study consists, firstly, in describing the circumstances factors surrounding threats of death and bodily harm in the digital age. Overall, the results show that threats that resulted in a written decision have a significant risk of materializing. Furthermore, we discovered that although in some situations it was witnesses who reported the threats to the authorities, it was mainly the victims themselves who most often reported their assailant, fearing for their safety and that of their loved ones. Second, we sought to understand the Canadian legal responses for such offences. More specifically, a logistic regression test was developed to understand the contextual factors that influence the use of a prison sentence. The results of this analysis show that among the factors likely to influence such sentences, four were found to be significant: (1) a marital relationship with the victim, (2) the use of social media to make the threat, (3) the use of alcohol or drugs and finally (4) the seriousness of the threat. Finally, based on our analyses, we can conclude that that many issues remain in the sentencing process for threats made by a technological medium. Indeed, several elements can interfere in the judge’s analysis, in particular the credibility of the victim and the criminal intentions of the accused

    On the charging state of atmospheric aerosols and ion-induced nucleation

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    Floating in the air that surrounds us is a number of small particles, invisible to the human eye. The mixture of air and particles, liquid or solid, is called an aerosol. Aerosols have significant effects on air quality, visibility and health, and on the Earth's climate. Their effect on the Earth's climate is the least understood of climatically relevant effects. They can scatter the incoming radiation from the Sun, or they can act as seeds onto which cloud droplets are formed. Aerosol particles are created directly, by human activity or natural reasons such as breaking ocean waves or sandstorms. They can also be created indirectly as vapors or very small particles are emitted into the atmosphere and they combine to form small particles that later grow to reach climatically or health relevant sizes. The mechanisms through which those particles are formed is still under scientific discussion, even though this knowledge is crucial to make air quality or climate predictions, or to understand how aerosols will influence and will be influenced by the climate's feedback loops. One of the proposed mechanisms responsible for new particle formation is ion-induced nucleation. This mechanism is based on the idea that newly formed particles were ultimately formed around an electric charge. The amount of available charges in the atmosphere varies depending on radon concentrations in the soil and in the air, as well as incoming ionizing radiation from outer space. In this thesis, ion-induced nucleation is investigated through long-term measurements in two different environments: in the background site of HyytiÀlÀ and in the urban site that is Helsinki. The main conclusion of this thesis is that ion-induced nucleation generally plays a minor role in new particle formation. The fraction of particles formed varies from day to day and from place to place. The relative importance of ion-induced nucleation, i.e. the fraction of particles formed through ion-induced nucleation, is bigger in cleaner areas where the absolute number of particles formed is smaller. Moreover, ion-induced nucleation contributes to a bigger fraction of particles on warmer days, when the sulfuric acid and water vapor saturation ratios are lower. This analysis will help to understand the feedbacks associated with climate change.YmpÀrillÀmme olevassa ilmassa leijuu suuri mÀÀrÀ pieniÀ, ihmissilmÀlle nÀkymÀttömiÀ hiukkasia. TÀmÀ ilman ja nestemÀisten tai kiinteiden hiukkasten seos on aerosoli. Aerosoleilla on merkittÀviÀ vaikutuksia ilman laatuun, nÀkyvyyteen, terveyteen ja maapallon ilmastoon. Ne sirottavat auringonvaloa sekÀ toimivat ytiminÀ, joiden ympÀrille pilvipisarat muodostuvat. Niiden vaikutus ilmastoon on huonoiten ymmÀrretty ilmastoon vaikuttavista tekijöistÀ. Aerosolihiukkasia tulee ilmakehÀÀn suoraan ihmisen toiminnan seurauksena ja luonnollisista lÀhteistÀ kuten meren pÀrskeistÀ tai hiekkamyrskyistÀ. IlmakehÀssÀ olevat höyryt voivat myös muodostaa uusia hiukkasia, jotka tÀmÀn jÀlkeen kasvavat ilmastollisesti tai terveydellisesti tÀrkeisiin kokoihin. Uusia hiukkasia muodostavat mekanismit ovat aktiivisen tieteellisen tutkimuksen kohteena. Tietoa nÀistÀ mekanismeista tarvitaan ilmanlaatu- ja ilmastomalleissa sekÀ tutkittaessa aerosolien osuutta ilmastoon liittyvissÀ palauteprosesseissa. ErÀs ehdotettu hiukkasmuodostusmekanismi on ioni-indusoitu nukleaatio, jossa uudet hiukkaset muodostuvat sÀhköisesti varattujen ytimien ympÀrille. IlmakehÀssÀ olevien varausten mÀÀrÀ vaihtelee maaperÀssÀ ja ilmassa olevan radonpitoisuuden sekÀ avaruudesta tulevan ionisoivan sÀteilyn mukaan. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjatyössÀ ioni-indusoitua nukleeatiota on tutkittu pitkÀkestoisilla mittauksilla kahdessa ympÀristössÀ: HyytiÀlÀn maaseutuympÀristössÀ ja kaupunkialueella HelsingissÀ. Työn pÀÀtulos on, ettÀ tyypillisesti ioni-indusoidun nukleaation osuus ilmakehÀn hiukkasmuodostuksesta on pieni. TÀmÀ osuus vaihtelee eri pÀivien sekÀ erilaisten ympÀristöjen vÀlillÀ. MerkittÀvin osuus ioni-indusoidulla nukleaatiolla on puhtaissa ympÀristöissÀ, joissa kokonaisuutena hiukkasmuodostus on vÀhÀisempÀÀ. LisÀksi ioni-indusoitu nukleaatio tuottaa suuremman osuuden hiukkasia lÀmpiminÀ pÀivinÀ, jolloin rikkihapon ja vesihöyryn kyllÀstyssuhteet ilmakehÀssÀ ovat pienempiÀ. TÀssÀ työssÀ tehdyt havainnot auttavat ymmÀrtÀmÀÀn ilmastonmuutokseen liittyviÀ palautemekanismeja

    La performance et l'efficacité des stratégies municipales de récupération des matiÚres résiduelles résidentielles, étude de cas : villes de Victoriaville, Sherbrooke et Gatineau

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    L’objectif principal de l’essai vise Ă  analyser les stratĂ©gies municipales de rĂ©cupĂ©ration des matiĂšres rĂ©siduelles rĂ©sidentielles de trois villes identifiĂ©es comme ayant des pratiques de gestion Ă  succĂšs. Les stratĂ©gies sont analysĂ©es en fonction des aspects influençant leur performance et leur efficacitĂ©, soit leur efficience. Deux objectifs secondaires sont poursuivis. Le premier est d’avoir une meilleure comprĂ©hension des aspects influençant l’efficience des stratĂ©gies municipales de rĂ©cupĂ©ration des matiĂšres rĂ©siduelles rĂ©sidentielles. Le deuxiĂšme est d’ĂȘtre en mesure de reconnaĂźtre les Ă©lĂ©ments des stratĂ©gies qui peuvent ĂȘtre des forces, faiblesses, opportunitĂ©s ou menaces concernant la poursuite de l’efficience. L’essai s’inscrit dans un contexte oĂč les objectifs fixĂ©s Ă  travers les politiques nationales de gestion des matiĂšres rĂ©siduelles ne sont pas atteints et oĂč, pour amĂ©liorer le bilan municipal, le gouvernement quĂ©bĂ©cois, avec la contribution de diffĂ©rents acteurs, a mis en place des incitatifs financiers. ConsidĂ©rant que le facteur performance-efficacitĂ© des municipalitĂ©s sert au calcul des redistributions des compensations pour les services municipaux fournis en vue d’assurer la rĂ©cupĂ©ration et la valorisation des matiĂšres rĂ©siduelles, et que la performance sert au calcul des redistributions des redevances exigibles pour l’élimination des matiĂšres rĂ©siduelles, l’essai est pertinent et d’actualitĂ©. Les recherches ont fait ressortir 23 aspects influençant la performance ou l’efficacitĂ©. Parmi ceux-ci se trouvent huit caractĂ©ristiques sociodĂ©mographiques : la taille de la population, la densitĂ©, le revenu de la population, le niveau de scolaritĂ© de la population, le type d’unitĂ© d’occupation, la typologie de milieu, la distance avec les grands centres et la distance avec les installations. On retrouve Ă©galement douze paramĂštres de gestion : les contenants; l’acceptabilitĂ© sociale reliĂ©e au type de contenant; le type de matiĂšres acceptĂ©es et refusĂ©es; la rĂšglementation et la tarification; la frĂ©quence, la journĂ©e et l’horaire de collecte; la desserte des petits industries, commerces et institutions; le type de camion; les Ă©quipements de traitement; les activitĂ©s d’information, sensibilisation, Ă©ducation; le type de gestion; le mode d’octroi du contrat; et l’appel d’offres. Finalement, il y a trois autres aspects d’influence, soit le nombre d’annĂ©es depuis l’implantation de la collecte, la performance et l’engagement politique. À travers chacun d’eux, il est prĂ©cisĂ©, de façon quantitative, lorsque possible, comment ils influencent la performance, l’efficacitĂ© ou les deux. Les villes sĂ©lectionnĂ©es pour l’étude de cas sont celles de Victoriaville, Sherbrooke et Gatineau. Suite Ă  l’analyse de leurs stratĂ©gies, des recommandations s’adressant aux fonctionnaires de chacune des villes ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. Celles-ci sont en lien avec chaque aspect d’influence prĂ©alablement identifiĂ©. Il y a donc un minimum de 23 recommandations pour chaque ville. Ces recommandations leur permettront d’ajuster leur stratĂ©gie municipale de rĂ©cupĂ©ration des matiĂšres rĂ©siduelles rĂ©sidentielles dans le but de mener Ă  une efficience supĂ©rieure et parallĂšlement, d’augmenter les montants des redistributions reçues

    Motiver les Ă©lĂšves dans les cours d’éducation physique et Ă  la santĂ© : perceptions des futurs Ă©tudiants en enseignement

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    Physical and health education (PSE) teachers report having difficulty supporting student motivation. In order to be able to influence the initial training in such a way as to counter this difficulty, the perceptions of future students in PSE teaching, 51 participants (M = 22.4 years; S-T =. 39) were recruited during  admission tests. They filled out a questionnaire and gave their opinion according to two teaching scenarios. The results showed that their perceptions are quite mixed and that they have an unvaried repertoire of motivational strategies. Initial training should therefore offer opportunities for students to learn how to mobilize strategies to establish an engaging motivational climate in PSE.Les enseignants d'Ă©ducation physique et Ă  la santĂ© (ÉPS) rapportent avoir de la difficultĂ© Ă  soutenir la motivation des Ă©lĂšves. Afin de pouvoir orienter la formation initiale de maniĂšre Ă  contrer cette difficultĂ©, les perceptions de futurs Ă©tudiants en enseignement de l'ÉPS, 51 participants (M = 22,4 ans; É-T = ,39) ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©s lors de tests d'admission. Ils ont rempli un questionnaire et se sont prononcĂ©s selon deux scĂ©narios d'enseignement. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que leurs perceptions sont assez mitigĂ©es et qu’ils ont un rĂ©pertoire de stratĂ©gies motivationnelles peu variĂ©. La formation initiale devrait donc offrir des occasions aux Ă©tudiants d’apprendre Ă  mobiliser des stratĂ©gies pour mettre en place un climat motivationnel engageant en ÉPS

    Typical and Atypical Morphology of Non-volatile Particles from a Diesel and Natural Gas Marine Engine

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    ABSTRACT Non-volatile particle emissions from a marine engine fueled by either diesel or natural gas (NG) blended with diesel pilot gas were investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The most common particles (> 95% by number) were soot aggregates. These "typical" aggregates exhibited primary particle diameters of 20.7 ± 1.9 and 26.9 ± 1.7 for 100 nm aggregates when diesel and NG fuel were used, respectively. Highly non-uniform aggregates, with distinct groups of smaller and larger monomers, were visible in all of the samples but occurred most frequently with diesel fueling at high loads. The observed "atypical" particles included super-aggregates, small compact aggregates, spheres, mineral-like polyhedral particles, and fibers. Such particles, although rare (averaging 3% by number, as calculated by counting the number of particles for each type depicted in all of the collected images), were found in most of the samples and could have been produced by a variety of mechanisms. For instance, the spheres (approximately 300 nm in diameter) most likely arose from metals within the lubricating oil

    Results from the CERN pilot CLOUD experiment

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    During a 4-week run in October–November 2006, a pilot experiment was performed at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in preparation for the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment, whose aim is to study the possible influence of cosmic rays on clouds. The purpose of the pilot experiment was firstly to carry out exploratory measurements of the effect of ionising particle radiation on aerosol formation from trace H2SO4 vapour and secondly to provide technical input for the CLOUD design. A total of 44 nucleation bursts were produced and recorded, with formation rates of particles above the 3 nm detection threshold of between 0.1 and 100 cm -3 s -1, and growth rates between 2 and 37 nm h -1. The corresponding H2O concentrations were typically around 106 cm -3 or less. The experimentally-measured formation rates and htwosofour concentrations are comparable to those found in the atmosphere, supporting the idea that sulphuric acid is involved in the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols. However, sulphuric acid alone is not able to explain the observed rapid growth rates, which suggests the presence of additional trace vapours in the aerosol chamber, whose identity is unknown. By analysing the charged fraction, a few of the aerosol bursts appear to have a contribution from ion-induced nucleation and ion-ion recombination to form neutral clusters. Some indications were also found for the accelerator beam timing and intensity to influence the aerosol particle formation rate at the highest experimental SO2 concentrations of 6 ppb, although none was found at lower concentrations. Overall, the exploratory measurements provide suggestive evidence for ion-induced nucleation or ion-ion recombination as sources of aerosol particles. However in order to quantify the conditions under which ion processes become significant, improvements are needed in controlling the experimental variables and in the reproducibility of the experiments. Finally, concerning technical aspects, the most important lessons for the CLOUD design include the stringent requirement of internal cleanliness of the aerosol chamber, as well as maintenance of extremely stable temperatures (variations below 0.1 °C
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